Grammar For New TOEIC（時態、被動）

參考

簡單式

現在簡單式(Simple Present)

表示過去、現在、未來的事實或狀態或習慣

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  X X X X X X X X X X X X 
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Past     Present    Future

S + V(原) / S(第三人稱單數) + V(-s/-es)

  1. be 動詞型態

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    第一人稱 : am
    第二人稱 : are
    第三人稱 : is
    複數     : are

  2. 第三人稱單數 V + -s/-es，其他人稱或複數用 V 原型

  3. 表示現在的狀態或事實

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    She is a teacher.               # 描述她現在是老師的狀態，事實
    Taiwan is a beautiful island.   # 台灣是美麗的島嶼，事實
    Magnus Carlsen is the No. 1 chess player in the world. 
    # 馬格努斯‧卡爾森是世界排名第一的西洋棋手(如果有一天他不是世界第一，is -> was)

  4. 表示真理、習慣

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    I drink coffee every morning. # S+V，習慣每天早上喝咖啡
    The sun rises in the east.    # 太陽第三人稱動詞加 s，真理

  5. 常和時間副詞連用

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    副詞 : 修飾 V / Adj / Adv / 句子
    常用時間副詞(頻率副詞) : 
    often、usually、always、sometimes、today、
    every day、once a week、every five minutes、on Sundays

    The boy "often" reads books after school.
    New durgs "always" undergo a lot of clinical trials.

  6. 主要子句是未來式時，從屬子句通常用現在簡單式
    時間或條件的副詞子句中，動詞用現在式替代未來式
    在表時間的連接詞，後面可以用現在簡單式來替代未來式

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    If(假使)
    In case(假使)
    As long as(只要)
    As soon as(一...就)   + S + V(現在式) ...，S + will + V(原) ...
    When
    Before
    After

    If I "see" Michelle, I'll give her the message.
    主要子句是 I'll give her the message (我會給她訊息)，這件事目前還沒發生表示未來
    而從屬子句是 If I see Michelle，這句話同樣還沒發生，是未來事件，但此句子的動詞用現在式
    所以稱為現在式代替未來式

    As soon as he "arrives", we will have some lunch.
    If I "know" the truth, I will tell you.

    為什麼要將未來發生的事動詞用現在式?
    因為現在式有"事實"的意思，當我們想把事情變為事實就會用現在式

    PS: 從屬子句(或稱副詞子句)的作用是修飾主要子句 -> 修飾句子所以為副詞 -> 所以從屬子句可當作副詞使用
    而從屬子句開頭是"從屬連接詞"
    after, as, as if, when, because, as soon as, 
    since, than, that, till, while, where, that

  7. 認為、記得、忘記、同意等的動詞通常不用現在進行式
    如 think, remember, forget, know, agree, understand, believe

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    I think you are right.
    我認為你是對的。

  8. come, go, leave, arrive, meet, start, 可以用現在簡單式來替代未來式

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    I leave for Los Angeles tomorrow.
    我明天起啟程去洛杉磯。

過去簡單式(Simple Past)

表示過去某個時間點發生的事實或狀態
The CEO was born in New York in Jaunary 1973.

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  X         |
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Past     Present    Future

S + Ved

  1. be 動詞型態

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    第一人稱 : was
    第二人稱 : were
    第三人稱 : was
    複數     : were

  2. 常和頻率副詞連用，表示過去經常發生的動作或習慣

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    He "often studied" in the librart when he "was" a student in London.

    I "shopped" at Eslite Bookstore regularly.
    我過去定期逛誠品書店。

    I "used to shop" at Eslite Bookstore regularly.
    我過去定期逛誠品書店。

    但是現在已經不再定期逛誠品書店了。

  3. 常和過去時間副詞連用

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    yesterday、just now、before、then(那時候 = at that time)、last+時間(week、month)
    一段時間+ago (a few minutes ago、two weeks ago)

    They didn't agree to the deal "at that time"(then).

  4. 句子的主要動詞為過去式時，一般從屬子句的動詞也要用過去式。

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    [I thought] she "was" a teacher.
    我以為她是一個老師。

    [Stephen got out safely] before his house "collapsed".
    在他的房子倒塌之前，史帝芬已經安全地離開了。

  5. 與現在事實相反

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    Steve acts as though he "were" the boss. (= but he is not the boss)
    史蒂夫的行為，就好像他自己是老闆。(但是他不是老闆。)


    I wish [that] he were here now.
    我希望他現在人在這裡。

    要是他現在人在這裡就好了。事實上他人不在這裡。
    If he were here right now, he would help us.

未來簡單式

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Past     Present    Future

will + V(原)      
be going to V(原) : 打算要，有可能要發生
be about to V(原) : 即將要，馬上要去做

  1. 表示未來將要發生的事實或情況

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    That will put us both in the picture.

  2. 必然的趨勢

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    Man will die without water and air.

  3. 常和未來時間副詞連用

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    tomorrow、next+時間、in the future、soon、in+時間(in five days 再過五天)

    The store will be out of business in two weeks.

總結

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現在簡單式: 
    1.表事實/真理
    2.與頻率副詞連用
    3.主要子句未來，從屬子句用現在式代替未來式
    4.「認為」、「記得」、「忘記」、「同意」通常用現在式
    5. come, go, leave, arrive, meet, start, 可以用現在簡單式來替代未來式
    
過去簡單式:
    1.常和過去時間副詞連用
    2.常和過去時間副詞連用
    3.與現在事實相反
    
未來簡單式:
    1.常和未來時間副詞連用

進行式

現在進行式

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am/is/are + Ving

  1. 目前正在進行的動作

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    常和時間副詞連用:
    now、nowdays、currently、right now、at present、at the moment

    Mike is talking to his client now.
    I am reading an eBook with my Kindle.
    She is talking over the phone now.
    It is raining now.

  2. 常出現在祈使句之後

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    祈使句又稱命令句，也就是叫對方做某些動作、所以主詞是 you，而動詞用原型省略主詞 you
    Look,hi is talking to the clinet.

3.be+getting/becoming 表變化、漸漸、快要的意思

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The global enconomy is getting worse.

4.即將進行的動作(現在進行時式代替未來式)

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come, go, leave, arrive, meet, start, 也可以和表示將來的時間副詞連用
Mr.Donald's plane is arriving in 30 minutes.
Our boss is returning from a vacation tomorrow. 我們的老闆明天將結束休假回來。
I'm quitting my job next Friday. 我將於下週五辭掉我的工作。
I am starting college soon. 我即將上大學。

  1. 不一定要現在發生，也可代表持續進行的狀態，而會重複發生。
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    Can you drive? ～ I'm learning.

過去進行式

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 ---->X     | 
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Past     Present    Future
  1. 過去某一時刻正在進行的狀態
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    Thomas was working at the office then.
    I was thinking about you the other day.

2.常連用的時間副詞

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the whole morning 整個早上
all day yesterday 
from nine to ten last evening

3.常用在下面句型

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When + S + Ved..., S + was/were + Ving  當 S 在...,正在...
While+ S + was/were + Ving..., S + Ved. 當 S 正在...,...

It was raining hard when we [left] the office building. # leave/left/left
The company was doing well when I last heard about it.
Tim invented the Internet while he was working in Geneva.

  1. 過去進行式夾帶著 always 或 constantly 通常表示負面的意思。
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    Jeff was "always coming" to class late.
    傑夫上課總是遲到。

    She was "always complaining"; nothing satisfied her.
    她總是在抱怨；沒有任何事可以滿足她。

    He was "constantly changing" his mind.
    他總是不斷地改變主意。

未來進行式

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Past     Present    Future

will be + Ving


At this time tomorrow, we [will be playing] tennis at park.
明天這個時候，我們將在公園打網球。

We'll be leaving next Monday.
下週一我們將離開。

Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
當她的飛機今晚到達時，你會在等她嗎？

狀態動詞(State Verb)

狀態動詞表示一種狀態，不是真正實際的動作，所以通常”沒有進行式”

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表事實     : have、belong、possess、cost、owe、exist、contain
表心理狀態 : know、realize、think、see、believe、suppose、imagine
             agree、recognize、remember、want、need、forget
             perfer、mean、understand、love、hate
瞬間動詞   : complete、finish、give、allow、decide、refuse
連綴動詞   : seem、remain、lie、see、hear、smell、feel、taste、become


連綴動詞是用來連接"主詞"及其述部=補語(名詞、代名詞或形容詞) 
S + V + C 也就是 S == C

I "am" a student.
Those people "are" all professors.
He "is" tall.
Those professors "are" brilliant.
It "is" I.

The injury "sounds" serious.
The medicine "tastes" bitter.
Do you "feel" sick?
She "looks" gorgeous.

With that one act, Joe "became" a hero.
Kate "looks" pale.
Some homes are in ruins, but others "remain" undamaged.

總結

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現在進行式: 
        1.正在進行的動作
        2.祈使句之後
        3.表變化、漸漸、快要的意思(be+getting/becoming)
        4.現在進行時式代替未來式
過去進行式:
        1.過去某一時刻正在進行
        2. When + S + Ved..., S + was/were + Ving  當 S 在...,正在...
           While+ S + was/were + Ving..., S + Ved. 當 S 正在...,...
        3.過去進行式夾帶著 always 或 constantly 通常表示負面的意思。
未來進行式:
        1.will be + Ving (未來即將發生並持續進行)

完成式

現在完成式(Present Perfect)

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have/has + Vpp
  1. 從過去發生的動作一直持續到現在
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    常和下面時間副詞連用
    already、yet、ever、never、just
    before、once、twice、these days、today、this year、so far

    We have done this type of project serveral times before.
    I have run today already.
    I have studied English today.

2.常和 for / since 連用

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for   : 時間長度
since : 時間起頭

Ex:
for + 一段時間(for ten years)
since + 過去時間點(since 1980、since last July)
since + 一段時間 + ago(since three days ago)
since + 子句(since i met you)

I have lived here since 2004.
I have studied c language for three years.
I haven't seen you since three years ago

  1. 表示到目前為止的經驗

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    Have you ever been to Taiwan.

  2. 最近剛發生的動作

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    The company has doubled its turnover.

  3. 不能使用現在完成式的動詞

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    begin、start、die、buy、leave、come
    這些動詞屬於發生與結束式一瞬間的，所以不會有持續的動作
    所以不會從以前一直持續到現在

  4. been to / gone to

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    been to 是曾經去過，但現在回來了
    gone to 是已經去了，現在還沒回來


    Heve you been to Japan? Yes,i went to Japan last month.
    Is Andy in Japan? Yes,he has gone to Japan.

過去完成式

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Past     Present    Future

had +Vpp

過去發生 2 個動作
(1) 先發生 -> 過去完成式 
(2) 後發生 -> 過去式

1.過去2個時間點

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 警察才來(後發生 ->過去式)        小偷先跑了(先發生 -> 過去完成)
[When the police offices arrived],[the thieves had run away].
I had modified spec already,then the boss said need to change again.

2.常和過去完成連用的時間副詞

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by the time、when、until、after、before
By the time he was twelve,Edison had begun to make a living on his owm.

被動語態

S + V + O -> S + be + Vpp + by + O

被動語態

  1. 只有及物動詞有被動

  2. 片語動詞變為被動語態，介係詞也要保留

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    look after，laugh at、talk about、trun on、cut down、take care of

    Everybody speaks English around the world.
    -> Engilsh is spoken (by everybody) around the world.
    All orders are executed.
    The meeting has been put off until next Monday afternoon.

報導句型

  1. 報導句型常用被動式

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    It is said that S + V
    = S + be said + to + V原

  2. 常用動詞有

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    believe、consider、declare、expect、feel
    report、say、see、suppose、think、understand

    Everyone is expected to obey the following rules
    Black Friday is believed to be an unlucky day.

  3. S + be said + to have + Vpp 據說

情緒動詞

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be amazed at       感到驚訝
be ashamed of      感到羞愧
be astonished at   感到驚訝
be bored by        感到無聊
be concerned about 感到關心
be confused about  感到困惑
be delighted with  感到開心
be disappointed at 感到失望
be excited about   感到興奮
be frightened at   感到驚恐
be interested in   感到興趣
be pleased with    感到高興
be satisified with 感到滿意
be suprised at     感到驚訝
be tired of        感到厭倦
be worried about   感到擔憂

其他慣用語

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be absorbed in     全神貫注
be associated with 與...有關
be based on        根據
be covered with    以...覆蓋
be devoted to      致力於
be equipped with   裝備有...
be exposed to      暴露於
be involved in     涉及
be made off/from   由...組成
be related to      與...有關